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11^) III ■ ' 



"T""— •""'-'"'" " 



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Benjamin Franklin. 



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Zbc pvootQhcct 

A Monthly Magazine for Proofreadere, Printers 
and all Literary Workers. 



P 



The only periodical of its kind in the world. Its contents 
are of value not only to Proofreaders and Printers, but to every 
one having to do with the making and marketing of literary 
wares. It is aggressive and progressive, bound by no cast-iron 
rules, but seeking for the best of everything in its line. 
AS A RBFERBNOB-BOOK. 
Each issue of THE PROOFSHEET contains more or less 
matter of use for reference; and as each volume is carefully in. 
dexed this will make it invaluable as a reference/book. 
PROOFREADERS' SOCIETIES. 
As far as possible, THE PROOFSHEET publishes notes of 
the proceedings of the various Proofreaders' organizations, with 
the papers read before them, and strongly urges the formation of 
similar societies in every part of the country. It endeavors to 
cultivate an esprit du corps among Proofreaders and to elevate 
Proofreading to its proper position, as a profession. 

AS A HELPER 
In the proofroom and the editorial room, as well as the author's 
study, it is invaluable. 

IN SHAPE FOR BINDING. 
THE PROOFSHEET is handsomely printed, in convenient 
shape for binding. It is mailed in envelops, fi.at, so that at the 
end of the year the subscriber has a handy volume for binding 
and preservation. 

Terms, $1 per innum; Single Copies, 10 Cents. 
Copies may be obtained through the news companies, or by 

addressing the publisher, 

THE BEN FRANKLIN CO., 
232 Irving Avenue, Chicago, III. 





eet 

are, Printers 

3. 

d. Its contents 
rs, but to every/ 
eting of literary 
by no cast'iron 
ts line. 

K. 

tins more or less 
e is carefully in^ 
/book. 

'lES. 

lublisties notes of 
ganizations, with 
I the formation of 
It endeavors to 
rs and to elevate 
lion. 



:11 as the author's 

:ed, in convenient 
[iAT, so that at the 
Dlume for binding 



10 Cents, 
companies, or by 

AH CO., 
:, Chicago, III. 




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Copyright, IHIMI. by 
Tin; IlKN KRAXKMN (.'OMI'ANY. 



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PUBLlSHKirs PREFACE. 



NY. 



The following address was delivered on a fitting 
occasion and before an appropriate audience — at the 
celebration of the one hundred and ninetieth anniver- 
sary of the birth of Franklin, by the Old-Time Print- 
ers' Association of Cliicago, a body of veterans at the 
case and the press. The address has but one fault : 
it is too brief to do /till justice to a life so useful and 
noble as Franklin's. But Mr. MedUl liimself says of 
it, in a note to the publisher : " I have tried to crowd 
into a small space enough to show what a wonderful 
man Franklin was ; how many-sided or multifold his 
mind was ; how nearly an universal genius he was ; 
to show that liis was a great mind in many directions. 
I wish to have the pamflet tell enough about him to 
arouse a curiosity on the part of young men which 



hr PRKKACK. 

will cauHu tlium to read inuru aliout tluH remarkable 
man." 

Heartily HyinimtliizinK with Mr. Medill'H view of 
Fniiikliii'H life and character, — which he in commem- 
uratin^j; in endurin^^ bronze, — the puhliHher hau put 
the addreHH in permanent and attractive form, hoping 
by itH circulation to ntimulate young men to a more 
thorough Htudy of the Hfe and teachings of the great 
printer, diplomat, liloHofer and patriot, and thereby 
aid in perpetuating hiH intluence for good. 

May, 1H«<>. 



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„..,—_ -„ ,.,„-.-„»^^.:.^ 



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it tliiH rumarkal)le 

r. Mt'dill'H view of 
L'h he Ih cummem- 
puMiHlier hiiH put 
ctive form, hoping 
ig men to a more 
hings of the great 
triot, and thereby 
• good. 




FRANKLIN AT TWENTY. 
[From Parton'B Life of Franklin.] 




II! 



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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 



Mv Old-Time Printer Friends : 

We are assembled here this evening to celebrate 
the birthday of the printer's patron «aint. the immor. 
tal Benjamin Franklin, who first saw the hght of day 
in Boston January 17, 1706, being one hundred and 
ninety years ago. Queen Anne then reigned over the 
Britth empire, and her great general, Marlborough, 
w^s leading her soldiers to a series of victones over 
the armies of France. , 

It is impossible for me to make an address de. 
flcribing FrankUn's Ufe and career within the limits of 
the brief time that I can claim from your patience. He 
performed too many beneficial, worthy and remark- 
able actions, and gave the world too -ay -eM 
noble and wise thoughts to even catalog them in the 
time at my disposal. Since history has re-Med 
human actions and ideas who has Performed more 
Scial work for mankind? Who ^^^^f^^J^^^ 
to the stock of human knowledge than FrankUn? 
Who has done more for human Uberty or for the sons 
of toU. in rendering the Uves of the common people 
happier or their lot more endurable, than Benjamin 



"^-"^af^ 



10 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 



«-; 



Franklin? He was born into the rsxiks of the hard- 
working masses, and he sympathized deeply with the 
lives of toil and deprivation which they must lead and 
endure. He devoted his own life to the amelioration 
and improvement of theirs. He was the great and 
beneficent schoolmaster of the poor and lowly, and 
never ceased to sympatliize with them and to espouse 
their cause till death closed his wonderful career. 

Benjamin Frankhn was the tenth and youngest 
son of Josiah Franklin, who gave to him the name of 
the Jewish patriarch's youngest son, Benjamin. Dr. 
Franklin was able to trace his family in England back 
through a line of farmers and mechanics to the time 
of King Henry the Eighth, and beyond that period 
into France, where it was lost in the hoary depths of 
time. 

Franklin discovered, while in England, that ten 
generations of his ancestors in the direct line were 
freeholders ; that for three hundred years the Frank- 
lin family owned a farm of forty acres at Ecton ; that 
the oldest son was heir and learned the blacksmith 
trade and usually took the youngest son as an appren- 
tice. The other sons were taught to be carpenters, 
masons, shoemakers, tallow-chandlers, or to learn 
other village trades; but the blacksmiths led and 
controlled all the rest of the Franklins, probably be- 
cause they could strike the hardest knockdown blows. 

A remarkable coincidence may be stated in this 
connection on the authority ol one of Franklin's biog- 
rafers, viz., that the family from which George Wash- 
ington descended and Franklin's family were for many 



HIS ANCESTBY. 



11 



•Bilks of the hard- 
ad deeply with the 
[ley must lead and 
I the amelioration 
^as the great and 
T and lowly, and 
)m and to espouse 
(lerful career, 
nth and youngest 
) him the name of 
1, Benjamin. Dr. 
y in England back 
lanics to the time 
jyond that period 
le hoary depths of 

England, that ten 
i direct line were 
years the Frank- 
'es at Ecton ; that 
)d the blacksmith 
son as an appren- 
to be carpenters, 
lers, or to learn 
sksmiths led and 
ilins, probably be- 
knockdown blows. 
r be stated in this 
)f Franklin's biog- 
ich George Wash- 
aily were for many 



generations near neighbors in England. The Wash- 
ington family was of the knights and nobility. A 
Franklin blacksmith may have often tightened a nvet 
in the armor or placed a shoe upon the horse of a 
Washington, or doffed his cap to a Washington nding 
past Ids ancestral forge. But, until Postmaster Ben 
Franklin of Pennsylvania met Col. George Washing- 
ton of Virginia in the camp of Gen. Braddock m 1755 
the two famihes had run their several ways without 

association. , . , * 

But they became well acquainted in subsequent 
vears. They served together in the first convention 
of the colonies, assembled in Philadelphia to consult 
on measures for mutual defense against British tyr- 
anny Franklin remained with that body to help 
frame the Declaration of Independence, and Wash- 
ington withdrew from it to take command in chief of 
the revolutionary forces. They met again twelve years 
later in the convention of 1787, held in the same city, 
to frame a national constitution, over which Wash- 
ington presided and Franklin served on ten of its 
committees. It is the same constitution, mth a few 
subsequent amendments, under which we live 

Without the courage and genius of the great 
Washington the Revolution would have collapsed on 
the battlefield. Without the persuasive, masterly 
diplomacy of the great Franklin in obtaimng money, 
fleets and troopafrom France freedom's cause would 
have perished, in spite of the heroic efforts of the 
Father of His Country. The utmost talents of both 
were indispensable to the glorious victory achieved. 



i 



\mk i 



12 



BENJAMIN FBANKLIN. 



They were the complements of each other in estab- 
lishing the new, free Nation. 

The Franquelins of France claimed relationship 
with him when he was ambassador to that country. 
He exhibited several French traits of character, such 
as humor with gravity, in his writings; pleasantry 
with seriousness; fancy with good sense. He took 
an optimistic rather than a pessimistic view of human 
future progress and happiness. But from his mater- 
nal side he inherited his grave, solid, steadfast Anglo- 
Saxon characteristics. He never became discouraged ; 
never surrendered to obstacles; never got rattled; 
but calmly fought on to victory. 

I have said Franklin was the patron saint of the 
printers — he was a "past master" of all branches of 
the business. He was an inventor, and added im- 
provements to every part of the printer's art. 

You are all familiar with the story of his refusal 
to adopt liis father's trade of a tallow-chandler, but 
-he selected the more effective and congenial art of 
dispelling darkness by diffusing light into the minds of 
mankind through the medium of types, ink and paper. 
He served as an apprentice under his brother James 
in Boston, on the New England Courant, which he 
once edited while his brother served a month's sen- 
tence in jail for reflecting mildly on the local govern- 
ment's tardiness in fitting out a ship to go in pursuit 
of a pirate vessel which was preying on the commerce 
of Boston. The pig-hea.led council decided this was 
" a high affront to the government," and ordered the 
sheriff to commit James Franklin to the Boston jail ! 



hi ! 



..ji..jiWiu>eiw» | '■'" 



.ch other in estab- 

aimed relationship 
>r to that country, 
of character, such 
ritings; pleasantry 
d sense. He took 
istic view of human 
lut from his mater- 
d, steadfast Anglo- 
icame discouraged ; 
never got rattled; 

patron saint of the 
of all branches of 
or, and added im- 
inter's art. 
story of his refusal 
allow-chandler, but 
id congenial art of 
ht into the minds of 
'pes, ink and paper, 
his brother James 
Courant, which he 
ved a month's sen- 
•n the local govern* 
lip to go in pursuit 
tg on the commerce 
!il decided this was 
t," and ordered the 
to the Boston jail ! 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

From Chappel'B Painting. 



mmmmm 



M 



I 111 



HIB APPRENTICESHIP. 



15 



Benjamin was then a lad under seventeen years but 
managed, in the few weeks he ran the Courant, to 
make it, as someone says, "the first sensation news- 
paper issued in New England." The Courant e- 
doubled its attacks on the councU while his brother 
James lay in prison, assailing the ty^;^^*^ ^ t^'^;;' 
ment, satire, verse and squib. Benny roasted the 
Tsoknt, oppressive government for months after his 
brother James had emerged from jail. The boy was 
indignant and exasperated at its grossly tyra^inica 
assault on the liberty of the press. He trebled the 
circulation of the Conrant by attackmg it, and he car- 
r d pubUc sentiment with liim by storm During Ins 
long life aftenvard he was an invincible defender of 
the liberty of the press. This episode m Franklin 
early career conspicuously showed he possessed the 
stuff in him wliich makes a successful journalist. 

He remained in the Boston Courant office until 
there was nothing more of the printer's trade to be 
there learned, and, suffering personal abuse from h s 
unappreciative brother, he tells us m his admirable 
autobiografy and in his humorous manner how he 
r^n away-" skipped "- from his brother's office sev- 
eral years before his apprenticeship had expired, and 
"tramped" to the "City of Brotherly Love ' stop- 
ping en route at New York long enough to leam it 
was then overstocked with printer joumeymen - there 
leing half a dozen or so, the place containing six 
thousand or seven thousand quaint inhabitants, Imng 
on crooked, narrow streets, with the gables of the 
dwellings facing them. The language spoken was 



10 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 



mostly Dutch, and the street signs were also in 
Dutch. 

Arriving in Philadelphia with a few shillings in 
his pocket, weary, footsore and hungry, he bought 
some baker's rolls; walked aluiig the middle of the 
street, gazing into v-indows and munching his bread, 
while his future wife looked and laughed at the rustic 
young fellow as he passed by. He wet the dry bread 
with a cup of river water, and followed a stream of 
Quakers going to their meeting-house to worship in 
silence. There he fell asleep from fatigue, and a 
friendly Quaker awakened him and showed the boy 
Franklin to a cheap lodging-house. He looked about 
for work at his trade ; soon found employment ; lived 
frugally ; avoided intoxicants ; saved his wages ; read 
every useful book he could borrow ; but books other 
than dogmatic were few and far between, in those 
days, in Philadelphia. 

During this journeyman period of his life he 
made the personal acquaintance of the governor of 
the province, Sir William Keith, who professed to 
take a great fancy to the thoughtful, industrious, 
intelligent young fellow, and proposed to loan him 
sufficient capital to set him up in the printing busi- 
ness. He had Franklin make out a complete sched- 
ule of the things needed, and caused him to sail to 
London to select the outfit, promising to forward 
drafts for payment. There he perfidiously left the 
eighteen-year-old boy to sliift for himself. Keith was 
a frothy, popularity-hunting demagog, rarely per- 
forming his promises. He soon played out. 



T^SS^s^ass 



igns were also in 

a few shillings in 
ningry, he bought 
the middle of the 
unching his bread, 
ughed at the niHtic 
! wet the dry bread 
lowed a stream of 
)U8e to worship in 
)m fatigue, and a 
,d showed the boy 
He looked about 
imployment; lived 
ed his wages ; read 
; but books other 
between, in those 

iod of his life he 
)f the governor of 
who professed to 
;htful, industrious, 
►osed to loan him 
the printing busi- 
a complete sched- 
3ed him to sail to 
nising to forward 
srfidiously left the 
imself. Keith was 
lagog, rarely per- 
)layed out. 



HIS STAY IK LONDON. 



17 



Franklin, hearing nothing from Gov. Keith, 
discovered that he had been victimized and was a 
friendless stranger in a great city. But he was full 
of self-reliance and soon got employment at low 
wages. He remained in London nearly two years. 
He acquired skill in his trade and became a lirst-class 
printer. He read many useful books ; made several 
valuable acquaintances and some bad ones, and at 
last concluded to return to America. 
• Suppose he had elected to remain in England, 
what a change it would have made in the future his- 
tory of liis country! For himself he would have 
become a leading publisher in London ; periiaps a 
member of Parliament and of the learned societies, 
for he was of the kind of men who can not be kept 
down, but are bom to rise. But a wise Providence 
which "shapes our ends, rough hew them how we 
will," sent him back to his native land, where his 
genius was afterward devoted to creating a free and 
independent republic among the nations of the earth. 
Soon after liis return from London to Philadel- 
phia he organized a number of his fellow workingmen, 
selecting them carefully, into a secret society called 
the ♦' Junto." Its purpose was the improvement of its 
members in virtue, knowledge and usefulness, and to 
exercise the united influence of the members on the 
city for its moral and material welfare. He remamed 
a member of the celebrated Junto for forty years. It 
accomplished an immense amount of good in the city 
and was of great mutual benefit to its members in 
their business affairs. 



18 



BENJAMIN PIIANKLIN. 



Franklin's ambition was to own and edit a news- 
paper. He Boon founded the Vmnsylvuuia Gazette, 
wljicli was a success from the first issue, and in a few 
years became a leading journal in the Colonies and a 
very profitable investment to himself. He added a 
book and stationery store and established "Poor 
Richard's Almanac," which quickly became so popu- 
lar that his presses could hardly fill the orders for it. 
It was a serio-comic almanac, inculcating political 
economy in humorous language and captivating epi- 
grammatic maxims. Nothing gave him more reputa- 
tion in these early days than his almanac, which 
quickly circulated over all the Colonies and was re- 
printed in Great Britain and was copiously quoted in 
France and Germany. 

" Poor Richard " taught the necessity of frugality, 
industry and temperance, in a pleasing, captivating 
way. While he made all classes of readers smile or 
laugh at what seemed comical, he managed to plant 
moral maxims or valuable tniths in their minds, which 
would grow and make them richer, better and happier 

people. 

The echoes of Franklin's proverbial filosofy, 
taught in " Poor Richard," are still in our ears, one 
hundred and fifty years after they were first uttered. 
They were still fresh in my boyhood time. How often 
my father, who was a farmer, used to say to me, 
"My son, remember what 'Poor Richard' says," 
when he wanted me to go to bed early and get up 
before sunrise : " ' Early to bed and early to rise 
makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.'" Somo- 



*'Si.. 



UN. 

[)\ni and edit a news- 
4'iiu8;flviniia Gazette, 
it issue, and in a few 
n the Colonies and a 
imHtilf. He added a 
I established "Poor 
kly became so popii- 

till the orders for it. 
inculcating political 
and captivating epi- 
Lve him more reputa- 

his almanac, which 
[polonies and was re- 
3 copiously quoted in 

necessity of frugality, 
pleasing, captivating 
8 of readers smile or 
he managed to plant 
in their minds, which 
iv, better and happier 

proverbial filosofy, 
still in our ears, one 
ley were first uttered, 
ood time. How often 

used to say to me, 
'oor Eichard' says," 
bed early and get up 
ed and early to rise 

and wise.'" Somo- 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

Ne a Boston, dans la nouvelle Angleterre, le 17 Janv. 1706. 

Honneur dn nouvean monde et I'huinanit^, 
Ce BBge amiable et vrai» li-s guide et les 6claire; 
Comme un autre Mentor, il cache & I'oeil vulgar, 
Sous les traits d'un mortel, une divinit6. ^^^ ^^ ^,^^^^^ 

mplessis pin^it Parisiis ms. CheviUet sc^dpsit. 

Tir6 du Cabinet de M. Le Ray Chaumont & Cie. 

[Reproiluoert from an olrt uteel en«rBvtn8,1 



l!» 






i 1 



^--■V-ff^ ^.i i - ' . ' * ' -" 



I iiiiiwwiftiiM iiiiiiii 



HIH MAnni.\<lK. 



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timoH I w.)til.l ni>ly that, I Ini.! rathiM- Hlt-.p hmm' nx 
the monduK, t.v.u if I Umt H..m. ..f th. wiH.h.m. 
Another maxim hi» waH f.m.l of quoting. Hhowu.K tho 
nect-HHitv of hanl toil, wan "An ompty nu>alHack can 
not Htaud alom-." Another, "A ina.ny Hauul ih worth 
more than a penny earne.l;" another, "h..rewarnHl 
iH forearme.1, except to foolH." He waH fon.l ..I quot- 
int- „iie from HiulihruH, >vhi.'h ht> ere.Uted to 1<)<>1' 
lliehanl." and which i« cften aHcrihe<l to H(. ouum h 
ProverhH, that " SpuriuK tue rod HpoilH tlie chihl, hut 
which I .h^clined to accept, thouph he often impreHHed 
it npon me in a very HtriidnK manner. 

Not lonK after hiH return from Lon.hm b ranklin 
married Minn Dehorah Read, the ^irl who hushed at 
hiH HiuMuhir appea van.re an he walked ah)nK the middle 
of Market street eating IiIh roll of bread, carryniK one 
under each arm and Ht.uinK into the windows on his 
first appearance in Philadelphia. They lived happily 
toirether as man and wife for more than forty years - 
working hard in the earlier p(-riod to pet on m the 
world She took care of the shop and accounts and 
housekeeping, while he toiled early and late -often 
burning the midnight oil at the case or press to get 
out a piece of work when promised. He was a great 
stickler for punctuality. He always tried to do a 
good job, and charged fair prices; he never over- 
charged anybody, never cheated anyone, in all hiB 
life. He carried a clean conscience with him under 
all circumstances. » tt„ 

Franklin prospered in "basket and store. He 
became popular with people; they patronized his 



r 11 



22 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

publications and his store ; they heaped offices on 
him, both legislative and executive. They had him 
appointed postmaster-general, and quartermaster, 
and colonel during the French war. They consulted 
him upon every subject, and his advice prevailed; 
everything came his way. As postmaster-general he 
increased the number and speed of the trips ; cheap- 
ened the postage greatly ; evolved order out of confu- 
sion and made the department yield handsome profits 
where it had previously been conducted at a serious 
loss. He was successful in i\M things he undertook, 
because he applied reflection and methodical industry. 
If ever there was a self-taugh, man Franklin was 
that man. Without aid from any seat of learning he 
received honorary degrees from Yale and Harvard for 
his filosofical eminence and discoveries in electricity. 
The British Royal Society, which at first ignored his 
remarkable electrical achievements, afterward elected 
him a member without charging him admission fees. 
Oxford and Edinburgh conferred upon him their aca- 
demical degrees. The French were first to appreciate 
his filosofical efforts, the Germans next and then the 
Italians and the English. 

Franklin could not be persuaded to extend his 
autobiografy beyond his fifty-first year. He only 
wrote out those portions of his life which he thought 
were unknown or had attracted little or no public 
attention. Hence, what he wrote is a mere fragment 
of his great life. But no autobiografy ever written 
in any language equals it in style and charm of com- 
position. 



mmmmmm 



WSSIBSSSt 



A BUSY TWENTY YEARS. 



as 



heaped offices on 
e. They had him 
nd quartermaster, 
,r. They consulted 
i advice prevailed; 
tmaster-general he 
•f the trips ; cheap- 
order out of confu- 
Id handsome profits 
ducted at a serious 
lings he undertook, 
lethodical industry. 
, man Franklin was 
seat of learning he 
ale and Harvard for 
iveries in electricity, 
at first ignored his 
ka, afterward elected 
him admission fees. 
upon him their aca- 
re first to appreciate 
IS next and then the 

aaded to extend his 
irst year. He only 
ife which he thought 
I little or no public 
e is a mere fragment 
Mografy ever written 
B and charm of com- 



This middle period, or active, pushmg and busi- 
ness part, of Franklin's life comprised but twenty 
years. His education, obtained when a lad at a Bos- 
ton primary school, was very scanty - embracmg but 
little more than the "tliree K's." But he was always 
absorbing knowledge thereafter. Durmg these twenty 
years devoted to active business Frankhn managed 
to spare time to acquire what was then more than 
equivalent to a good classical education, though he 
never put his foot in a college except as a visitor. 
He learned to read and to speak French, to read 
Spanish and Italian, and obtained a fair elementary 
knowledge of Latin. He went as far m mathematics 
as he thought would be of any value to him. He read 
ancient and modem history, and every filosofical 
and scientific work he could lay hands upon; he 
made a study of poUtical economy, and banking, and 
paper money, and wrote essays on them He became 
the founder of the University of Pennsylvania and of 
the American Philosophical Society. . , „,„ 

At the end of those twenty busy and useful years 
he had acquired what he deemed an ample compe- 
tence, which yielded about $12,000 a year and he 
resolved to retire from business and pohtics and 
devote the remainder of his Ufe to filosofy and sci- 
ence He had already made part of those electrical 
discoveries which filled Europe with his name and 
flme This was in 1748, when Frankhn was only 
forty-two years of age. He had abready invented the 
Franklin hand-press and the Frankhn stove, which 
latter comfortably heated houses and saved enormous 




itiHi 



04 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

theL mm He showed cities ho^v to sewer, pave and 

discovered and ''^P"X*''J^° He discovered ttat 
»<'-'»'»t;,:;:«^tr*e place of beginning. 

™Lr in a mill-race when the «'*« " "^^gteam 
^v. fi^at tn make observations on the Gulf btieam, 

:!d to ctartoH published one hundred and twelve 
wf «"«o Si tori.s the bas» of the charts now m use 
Hedered asystemof reformed orthografy wluch .f 
X ™w* -Sd have greatly shortened and snnpMed 
JhrmelUngs of the English language, and thereby 

tS'tLr;r''henXnVp»..ose and miUions 




sause of and a 
I on the people 
ing-roomB, and 
liseases arising 
ewer, pave and 
through pipes, 
was the first to 
jh have done so 
1 habits and to 
vented a street- 
prevent sooting 
ith sharp pohits, 
itroduced a paid 
adelpliia, which 
ed the system of 
1 there are now 
and towns. He 
preads on water 
[e discovered that 
,ce of beginning, 
ed, the same as 
3 is opened. He 

the Gulf Stream, 
mdred and twelve 
charts now in use. 
fthografy wliich if 
ed and simplified 
lage, and thereby 

of education and 
i the inveteracy of 
pose and millions 



HIS ELECTRICAL PISCOVERIES. 



27 



have lived and died poor spellers, to be laughed at, 
ridiculed and jeered by the comparative few who have 
ever mastered the absurdities, intricacies and anom- 
alies of our hotch-potch orthografy. His mind seemed 
capable of penetrating and unfolding every my8te»T. 
FrankUn was first brought into contact with the 
mysterious substance called electricity in 1746. He 
immediately began making experiments into its prop- 
erties and nature, and soon discovered that it exists 
everywhere ; that it moves from a positive-to a nega- 
tive pole, and has great affinity for iron and copper 
By experiments he discovered electrical attraction and 
repulsion. He came to the conclusion, through pro- 
found reasoning, that the electricity that was produced 
in the Leyden jar viras of the same substance and 
nature as Ughtning from a thunder-storm, and pro- 
ceeded to prove it by his celebrated experiment with 
the kite. When the thunder-storm broke over Phila- 
delphia he went out on the open common and sent up 
his kite into the heavens, with a bright pomted rod 
attached to it and a hempen cord with a metalhc key 
at the other end; and then calmly faced death. The 
kite rose high into the down-pouring ram, amidst the 
crashing thunder and forked lightning. There be 
courageously stood, with his son beside him, watching 
the string till he saw the hempen fibers move ; then 
he touched his knuckle to the key, knowing that he 
might be struck dead at the instant. The hghtmng 
sparks crackled and leaped to his fingers haimlessly. 
He charged his Leyden jars with the fluid and proved 
to the world the truth of his theory that lightnmg was 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

the Bame as electricity. In Previous experiments with 
Plectricitv he had received shocks which had stunned 
:ltalmost IdUed him. With this Pe-nal knowle^^^^ 
of its power it required nerve to tamper with a tlasli 
of UglS wliich could rend a great tree or kill a 
♦hmiHftnd men at a single shock. 
*' 1 lank'il'B leisure for scientific investigations was 
cut short hy the political necessities of his count y 
and he was transferred to diplomatic fao'ds, farst foi 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Georgia and Massachusetts 
to London, aid next for the tliirteen revolted prov- 
nces toParis. Had he not been diverted from Iub 
Metrical studies and experiments where might he not 
have PUBhed his discoveries ? He might have mvented 
Jhe teCaf or the telefono. It is difficult to set hmits 

to th Lly^ing power of b-^. ^^^^/^ ^.^rai 
sessed with the start he had gained m *!»« «J««t™^^ 
«!ui alhe was just reaching his greatost tlunking 
p:ls ol mILd^U he was put into the pubUc serv- 

^^^ letrrlfcredited with writing the -st capU- 
vating sentences of the Declaration of Independence 
hut i^ FrankUn's brain was bom. twenty-two years 
plwytaconceptionofaunionofaU heco^^^^^^ 
though acknowledging aUegiance to Groat Bntam at 
ihe outset. He says, in his autobiografy. hat in 
June 1754. when war with France was apprehended, 
a ronventL of commissioners from all the colonies 
wasTdered to be held at- Albany to there meet the 
r Nat ons and to confer with those Wen^y ^^^^^ 
^bes concerning the best means of defending then: 



ents with 

stuuued 
nowledge 
th a Hash 

or kill a 

tions was 
country, 
I, first for 
jachusetts 
Ited prov- 
from lus 
ght he not 
e invented 
) set limits 
18 he pos- 
B electrical 
it tliinking 
(ublic serv- 

naost capti- 
ependence ; 
r-two years 
lie colonies, 
t Britain at 
,fy, that in 
pprehended, 
the colonies 
re meet the 
3ndly Indian 
ending their 



UNION OP THE COLONIES. ^» 

country and the colonies against the French and the 
hostile Indians. He was one of the four commis- 
sioners sent from Pennsylvania. 

He goes on to relate that he " projected and drew 
a plan for the union of all the colonies under one gov- 
emment so far as might be necessary for defense and 
important general purposes." He placed his project, 
he says, before several gentlemen of the greatest 
knowledge in public affairs, and, having fortified his 
opinion by their approbation of his scheme, he ven- 
tured to lay it before the congress. The new plan 
was discussed for a number of days. It was then 
voted unanimously a union of the colonies should be 
established. A committee of one member from each 
colony was appointed to consider several plans of 
union which had been introduced as substitutes for 
or amendments to Franklin's. After fuU considera- 
tion the Franklin plan was reported back and adopted 
by the congress. By his plan the General Govern- 
ment was to be administered by a President-General 
appointed by the Crown, and a grand legislative coun- 
cil or Senate, which was to be chosen by the legisla- 
tures of the several colonial states. The scheme of 
union was remarkably similar to that by which the 
states were aftervs'ard united into a Nation. 

This bold idea, which was wrought out m detaU 
by its author, was submitted by the convention to the 
legislatures of aU the colonies and to the Bntash 
Government for its sanction. Franklin says in En- 
gland it was judged to have too much democracy m 
it while many members of the colonial asserabhes 



80 



HEN.IAMIN FHANKLIN. 



thought it contain«(l too much preroRative. The Brit- 
ish Cabinet and Parliament saw this scheme wouhi 
Hpeedily create a republic, and hence "sat down on 
it." It was a remarkable advance toward an inde- 
pendent, self-Roveming nation, which was achieved 
after a long and bloody war twenty-nine years subse- 
quently. 

And it is a singular fact that the same Frankhn 
twenty-two years later helped to draft and signed the 
Declaration of Independence. He aided in framing 
the government under which the war was fought, and 
finally was elected a delegate from Pennsylvania to 
the convention of 1787, which framed the constitution 
and which was presided over by George Washington. 
That constitution, with some amendments, is the one 
under which we live to-day. Franklin was then 
eighty-one years old, and when the great work was 
completed liis health was better than when he began 
this last of his great labors. The excitement and im- 
portance of the business kept him up. 

The project of a convention to frame a stronger 
government for this country originated in the fertile 
mind of Alexander Hamilton several years previously, 
and ripened slowly and was only adopted after much 
public discussion and six years' delay, during which 
time the aged Dr. Franklin was president of a Society 
for Political Inquiries, which met in a large room in 
his own house and listened to weekly papers and 
essays on the all-important question of a better and 
stronger government and constitution, which the 
grand old sage earnestly advocated. 




rhe Brit- 
ne would 
down on 
an inde- 
acliieved 
TB Bubse- 

Franklin 
igned the 
i framing 
aght, and 
Ivania to 
nstitution 
isbington. 
s the one 
tvas then 
work was 
he began 
it and im- 

a stronger 
the fertile 
(revioufily, 
ifter much 
ring which 
f a Society 
;e room in 
apers and 
better and 
which the 




1 



HHMiiwra**^ 



■n n i i n M i m i i»ii I i niiiiH i tr~— -—'•■■ ■ 




FinnP <^f'i> di' -.itvn wero choHeii uml met in 

PljiliuUilpluu. fhlih ton at lirnt (loclinod to attt-nd, 
and waH roluotant by reawon of his private att'uii'H. 
Thoro MRH ^roat opposition in the country by the 
Htatn-Hovorei^nty niun to nniking a national vonstitu- 
tion. If Washington and Franklin had rciuHtd to 
attend, the scheme would undoubtedly have proven 
abortive. The vast inHuence of those two greatest 
men of the period saved it, and an indissoluble Na- 
tion was created. One writer says the awful dignity 
of Wasliington in the chair and the contagious good- 
temper of Franklin on the Hoor and the vast influence 
of both out of doors saved the constitution from rejec- 
tion by the jealous states in the ratification. 

I now approach the most impoii;aut service that 
Franklin rendered to liis country in his long and hon- 
orable career. 

The Declaration of Independence had been sent 
forth and the last political tie connecting England to 
the colonies was severed, and the seven years' war 
began. Wasliington had lost the battle of Brooklyn, 
and liis broken militia had retreated out of New York, 
up the Hudson River, and finally across it into New 
Jersey, with great loss of men and munitions of war. 
The scarcity of small arms, and ammunition, and 
ax*tillery, and money stared Congress in the face. 
Silas Deane, of Connecticut, had been sent to France 
to feel of that nation as to whnt aid it might render 
the cause of the patriots. Arthur Lee was chosen to 
assist liim. The French Government flatly refused to 
espouse the Revolutionary cause or give any aid, pub- 



rifwrnii 



.^ - ^'rm- t ^ 



mm 



84 



BKNJAMIN KliANKLIN. 



I;» 1 



Hcly, It liftd no faith that tho cohmicm poHHeHBed the 
unity, coht'Kioii nr ri'Hourct'H to win thiur iiuittpetul- 
enco of (irt'iit IJritain. An onthuHiiiHtic Frt'iichman 
nanuul M. de Ht uiniarehaiH, who had Honio inHutitinti 
at court, niatiatitd to iiithicn tht3 Rovuninuiut to fur- 
ninh him Hocrutly with a njilliou doUars, whitfh he, 
undor the unim of a trader or merchant, inveHted in 
miUtary nninitionH and HuppUeH and hhipped from 
French portH to Amt^rica. liut HpieH of Great IJritain 
in France noon found out what waH heing done and 
made an uproar about it, and this Hmall Bource of 
aHHiHtance wan peremptorily cut off by the French 
Government, who dinavowed liiH actH. 

Previous negotiationH of Benjamin Franklin and 
John Adams with Lord Howe, at New York, who 
offered pardon to the insurgents and certain trade 
concessions, had failed to effect a peace. Franklin 
insisted on Britain's acknowledgment of America's 
independence. No agreement could be made and the 
war continued ; but the American cause was becom- 
ing more gloomy every day. It was at this time that 
Thomas Pahie wrote his "American Crisis," begin- 
ning with the famous words, "These are the times 
that try men's souls." Strong help from France, 
however, was indispensable. The commissioners sent 
there had made no headway in obtaining it. The 
Congress in despair turned to Dr. Franklin and per- 
suaded the old man, then turning into his seventy- 
first year, to undertake the all-important mission. If 
he failed in securing the help of France the cause of 
independence was lost beyond hope. 



TIIK MIHHUtN TO rUANCK. 



DHHflHHod the 
r iii(U(i)t)!ul- 

Freiiclunan 
lie intliuaicd 
ment to fur- 
i, which \\i', 
, invtiHttid in 
iiippwl from 
irt'iit Britain 
:)g done and 
ill Hource of 

the French 

:<'ranklin and 
V York, who 
lurtain trade 
e. Franklin 
)t America's 
nade and the 

was becom- 
his time that 
risis," begin- 
re the times 
rem France, 
H^ioners sent 
ling it. The 
tlin and per- 
hia seventy- 
; mission. If 

the cause of 



Franklin roaclud Paris latti in the fall of 177(J 
and sft hiniHclf at work to he agreeable to the king 
and his cabinet. He rapidly added to his knowledge 
of the French tongue. He joined the scientific and 
hlosoli(!al societies. The fame of his discoveries in 
electricity had i)receih'd him there, and helped his 
mission greatly with the learned classes and the court. 
The maxims of " Poor Itichard " were household words 
in French families. Franklin was looked upon as a 
sage and filosofer Uke those of Greece and Rome. 

In his bland and benign manner he pressed liis 
way into the confidence of the most influential men 
of France. He persuaded them that the contest 
in America was more than a rebellion ; that it had 
become a revolution ; that the revolted colonies were 
nhuost able to achieve their independence without any 
outside assistance, and that, with the aid of France, 
short work would be made of England. He pressed 
or. the king and Ids ministers that now was France's 
golden opportunity to "get even "with her old foe; 
to cripple her power and to win back territory lost in 
the last war with England. If not now taken advan- 
tage of such a chance would never return. If the 
seceding colonies were conquered or coaxed back to 
Britain they might help mightily in any future wars 
against France. But if France helped them now to 
achieve th.-^ir independence they would ever be grate- 
ful and show it in their commerce and other ways 
which would be of great benefit to France. Now was 
the time to strike the blow that would cripple tliis 
hereditary enemy, " perfidious Albion," and revenge 



wm^Mmf 



86 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 



li'i 



France for the loss of i^s Canadian possessions a few 
years before. 

Franklin poured these ideas and arguments into 
the ears of the king, his court, his generals and admi- 
rals, and the merchants, manufacturers and bankers. 
He worked incessantly and persuasively, and gained 
ground continuously. The news of Washington's fine 
victory over the British at Trenton helped him greatly 
at the French court, and he made the most of it. His 
good humor, courteous manners, persuasive argu- 
ments won the day for the desperate, struggUng Ameri- 
can cause. He induced France at first to privately 
lend considerable money to America, and to run in 
shiploads of muskets, ammunition, and artillery. 
And soon afterward he persuaded the king to declare 
war against Great Britain. After that money and 
munitions of war reached Congress in large quanti- 
ties and the tide began to turn against the British. 
These were followed by squadrons of warships, and 
finally by brigades of French soldiers. A strong 
French fleet bottled up the British army at Yorktown, 
and a division of French troops, joining with Wash- 
ington's army, made an assault on the British force. 
It surrendered to Washington and the war was prac- 
tically over, and independence was won. Without the 
powerful aid given by the French independence could 
not have been achieved ; without the diplomatic gen- 
ius of Franklin the French would not have declared 
war on England to help the Americans. 

The next great work Franklin was employed by 
his country to perform was to negotiate a treaty of 



. M 



li^U 



t 



sions a few 

iments into 
I and admi- 
id bankers, 
and gained 
ngton's fine 
him greatly 
t of it. His 
asive argu- 
jling Ameri- 
to privately 
i to run in 
d artillery, 
ig to declare 
money and 
irge quanti- 
tlie British, 
irships, and 
. A strong 
it Yorktown, 
with Wash- 
British force, 
ar was prac- 
Without the 
adence could 
(lomatie gen- 
lave declared 

employed by 
,e a treaty of 



TREATY WITH ENGLAND. 



37 



peace with sore, sulky, stubborn Britain, and he 
acquitted himself \vith an ability and success that 
have been the admiration of statesmen and diplomats 
from that time to tliis. No other American could 
have accomplished as much as he did. He almost 
persuaded the British government to cede its Canadian 
possessions to the United States. If he had pressed 
the point just a little harder he would have succeeded. 
But he was not aware of how near he was to accom- 
plishing his darling object. [ 

He then returned home full of years and honors, 
standing head and shoulders higher than all other 
Americans, save Washington alone. As before stated, 
he finished and cromied his manifold works for his 
countrymen in helping to frame that wonderful con- 
stitution which Gladstone calls the greatest and most 
perfect piece of constructive statesmanship ever coined 
from the brain of man. 

The birthdays of but few men are annually cele- 
brated or commemorated after their contemporaries 
are dead. Whose in this country but Washington's 
and Franklin's? Even Hamilton and Jefferson, 
statesmen of the highest rank, seldom have their 
birthdays celebrated, while Franklin's is perennially 
commemorated by his admiring countrymen. His 
fame dims not under the corroding tooth of time. His 
thoughts are the common property of all civilized 
lands. His maxims and sayings are still household 
words. His numerous utilitarian inventions were 
given to his country without patent or fee, the reason 
being he was so much indebted, he said, to preceding 



d- 



■MM 




Wi 




88 



BENJAMIN PBANKLIS. 



renerations for their inventions he could only repay 
by bestowing his own inventions without patents on 
his generation and on posterity. 

In conclusion, I believe I am warranted in declar- 
ing the printer craft of America has given to man- 
kind one of the greatest men who ever lived, the 
immortal Dr. Benjamin FrankUn. He had a brain 
which penetrated, comprehended and mvestigated aU 
subjects wliich could be made to yield benefit to his 
countrymen and the human race. He spent his hfe 
in doing good, without a particle of selfishness m 
his motives. He was the greatest mental luminary 
of his age. All his uttered thoughts and pubUc actions 
tended to instruct, enUghten and better the condition 
of his fellow man, especially the poor and the weak. 

When we pass from time to eternity we may see 
the revered Washington sitting on high Olympus 
among the immortal gods, and benign Franklm may 
be found walking in the academic groves conversing 
with the shades of the sages and scientists, the filos- 
ofers and filanthropists of all ages. 



C^5 



!^ti&f:^i2^ 



mfm 




1 only repay 
t patents on 

,ed in declar- 
ven to man- 
sr lived, the 
bad a brain 
^estigated all 
)eneiit to liis 
spent his life 
leltisbness in 
tal luminary 
)ublic actions 
the condition 
d the weak. 
y we may see 
igh Olympus 
b'ranklin may 
es conversing 
ists, the filoB- 



■■'--itlUt' 



SOME WOOD WORDS ABOUT THE PROOFSHEET. 



It is a flrst-olass Ksaistant in every respect, and Alls a long- 
folt want.— r. W. Richardson, Foreman Times, Rmtnoke, Va. 

Besides the valuable reading-matter it contains, it commends 
itself to my eye as a thing of beauty in thetypogrr.ftoal line; 't is 
a Joy to look at its pages.— Jfrs. E. B. Burnz, New York. 

One of the most spicy little magazines that reaches this oflttoe 
is The Pboofsheki, a monthly publication, devoted to the inter- 
ests of proofreaders. It is full of good reading-matter, news and 
literature, and should be read by every proofreader.— r/«e Union 
Printer and American Craftsman. 

Thk Pboofshkbt is a valued publication that reaches this 
ofBoe monthly. It is printed for proofreaders and its menu is 
always rich and varied. This interesting little Journal is issued 
for f I per year, and gives for this outlay a generous supply of 
instruction and entertainment. To proofreaders it is invalu- 
able. — Missouri Editor. 

Thb Pboofbhbet is a little monthly, published by the Ben 
Franklin Company, of Chicago, devoted to all matters appertain- 
ing to the duties of the proofreader. The typewriter operator 
should be i'* well informed as to correct methods of spelling, 
punctuati syllabifying, paragraflng, capitalizing as is the most 
critical proofreader ov compositor, and he will find the same 
kind and as large of measure of benefit in the careful study of 
such a publication as Thb Ppoofbhbbt as will a member of the 
speoial class for which it is designed. — Pfconoj/mpfcio Magazine. 




TAKE THE BEST. 



If (me t«ke« n lllKrary joiiriinl - n Jniirniil t" 
keen hlni " piwtecl " niul " iip tn ilHle " im Ml 
■ ,• not TAKE TlIK ME8T? JOHN O. WIIIT- 



iiiatterH of current llterBtiiro why 

TIER B»y< that " THE BEHT mid ableiit llternry i>aiier in the wiuntry 1h 



THB DIAU 

.1 Keini-lonlhlY Journal of literary Crilieinni, Kinfussion and Infornialion. 

"THE BEST " 1» alKo the cheapont »2.t»(t a year, H.IHt for kIx month". 

Thk Dial wan extaliUHhed in IHWV It iH not l<H-nl or Hectionnl. Hh wrllern 
are from every part of the couutry, incln.IinK PrexiiientJ- or ProfeHHori. of over 
thirty Amerluan m»lleKe< ami nnlvorHitles. Itn oircnintion ancl Inflnence are 
national. It 1h " in<iiHiM nsaItU- to the Htiident, the educator, the b<H>lt.l>nyer, 
and in all iwrRonn of literary taHten." A six monthn' trial raakeit a iMimianenl 
HubHcrllter. 31» Wabanh avenue. OhicaKo. 

ECONOMiCAL^ 

ACCURATE, 

TIME-SAVING. 

THE BEN FRANKLIN COMPANY is prepared to supply 
accurate and up-to-date PRINTED MAILING-LISTS of the 

Printers, Bookbindere, Lithografei-s, 
Rubber-Staiiip and Paper-Box Makers 

Of Ctiicago. These lists are carefully corrected from week 
to week, so that parties using them are sure to reach the 
entire trade in these lines and to waste no postage-stamps in 
sending to '-dead" concerns. 

PRICES AND TERMS: Single Copy, $4; If taken every 
other month, $3; H taken monthly, $2.50. Transient orders 
must be accompanied by the cash. 

THE BEN FRANKLIN COMPANY, 

232 Irving Avenue, Chk»go. 




-mmmmm^sm 



,1 — a Jimrniil to 
tn ilnto" im all 

JOHN o. wiirr- 

iMiuiitry " iH 




nfornialion, 

n moiilliH. 
onnl. It« wrilem 
•rofoKHurt* of ov«r 
ind InHiienmt are 
, the IxHik-hiiyer, 
iikdM a iMjmianoiit 



SAVING. 



ared to supply 
TS of the 

aifei's, 
t\ Makers 

:ed from week 
! to reach the 
tage-stamps in 

if talcen every 
■ansient orders 

ANY, 
;, Chicago. 




The Newspaper Maker 



FRANK H. LANCASTER, 

Editor md Publisher. 



A Newspaper for Newspaper- 



Editors, 

Publishers and 
Advertisers 



10,000 



a week. 



Its Pages Contain the Advertise- 
ments of the Leading 
Newspapers and 
Advertising Agents. 

THE NEWSPAPER MAKER 

is recognized as the leading 
newspaper for the newspaper 
and advertising business. 



Subser^Hom, TIVO DOLLARS a Ytar. 
Athtrtmng ratis and samph eopus <m i^Ueatton. 

The Newspaper Maker, 

Tribune Building, NEW YORK. 



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